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DESETO LETO IZVAJANJA
ZAKONA O DENACIONALIZACIJI
V REPUBLIKI SLOVENIJI
(DOPOLNJENO S PRIPOMBAMI O VRAČANJU PREMOŽENJA PO ZAKONU O IZVAJANJU KAZENSKIH
SANKCIJ)
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1) ZGODOVINSKA
OSNOVA
Podržavljanje zasebnega
premoženja po II. svetovni vojni je imelo v Republiki Sloveniji različne
oblike, a jasne namene: uničenje meščanskega sloja in privatne iniciative
ter razlastitev vseh večjih lastnikov in Rimsko katoliške cerkve kot uvod
v popolno odpravo zasebne lastnine.
Za doseganje teh
ciljev je bila dovoljena vsakršna svojevoljnost totalitarne komunistične
oblasti, podprta s politično državno upravo in prav takšnim sodstvom.
V tedanjem času so bile najbolj grobo kršene vse človekove pravice, kot
jih poznamo danes, saj je oblast v odnosu do svojih državljanov posegala
po najbrutalnejših boljševističnih metodah.
2) ZAKON O DENACIONALIZACIJI (ZDEN) IN ZAKON O IZVRŠEVANJU KAZENSKIH SANKCIJ
(ZIKS) TER NJUNO IZVAJANJE
Konec totalitarnega
komunizma je 1991 omogočil sprejem Zakona o denacionalizaciji (ZDEN),
ki naj bi vsaj delno poravnal povojno divjanje nad privatno lastnino.
Nesrečne usode razlaščenih lastnikov se zakon ne dotika.
Že pred osamosvojitvijo
je veljal v Sloveniji Zakon o izvrševanju kazenskih sankcij (ZIKS), ki
v svojem 145. čl. določa pogoje in postopke za vračanje v sodnih procesih
zaplenjenega premoženja po krivem obsojenim in rehabilitiranim bivšim
lastnikom. Samostojna Slovenija je ta zakon prevzela.
Odločanje po ZDEN o odvzeti lastnini je doslej uspelo komajda v dobri
polovici obravnavanih primerov, pri čemer so upoštevane tako pozitivne
kot negativne rešitve.
Za vračanje po ZIKS
ni natančnih podatkov, je pa prav tako ovirano in počasno.
Za katastrofalno
počasno vračanje premoženja je kriva predvsem politična klima, v kateri
se je Republika Slovenija znašla že ob koncu leta 1992 s prihodom dr.
Janeza Drnovška na oblast. Značilno za odnos do komunistične preteklosti
je dejstvo, da slovenski politični vrh vse do danes še ni javno obsodil
zločinskega razlaščanja v povojnem obdobju. Prav tako se še ni opravičil
žrtvam in njihovim svojcem, ki jih je lastna država načrtno oropala premoženja,
ob tem pa največkrat tudi poštenega imena, državljanstva, eksistence,
bivališča, prostosti in celo življenja.
Odnos Republike Slovenije
do lastnih zločinov v preteklosti se bistveno razlikuje od ravnanja drugih
prizadetih evropskih držav. Njihovo vrnitev v družino demokratičnih narodov
sta namreč omogočila predvsem popolno priznanje in obžalovanje, česar
slovenska oblast, temelječa na kontinuiteti iz komunističnega obdobja,
očitno še vedno ni sposobna. Zaradi takega odnosa do izvirnih lastnikov
je razumljivo, da za hitro in pošteno vrnitev premoženja prava politična
volja še vedno ne obstaja.
Izvajanje vračanja
nenehno spremljajo poskusi, da bi se z nerazumno dolgimi roki, negativnim
spreminjanjem zakonodaje, administrativnimi ovirami in ščuvanjem javnosti
proti izvirnim lastnikom vrnilo čim manj podržavljenega premoženja.
Zaradi jasnega odpora
oblasti do vračanja premoženja je po letu 1992 takšna miselnost prevladala
tudi v javni upravi, sodstvu, zakonodajni oblasti, pri vseh vodilnih medijih
in seveda uporabnikih podržavljenega premoženja.
Takšno je bilo glede
vračanja premoženja stanje, ko je Republika Slovenija začela intenzivne
pridružitvene pogovore za EU in NATO. Predstavniki Republike Slovenije
so sicer skušali v tujini širiti neresnične trditve, da je bilo po vojni
premoženje zaplenjeno samo "kolaborantom", čeprav je bilo v
resnici do leta 1958 (!) podržavljeno vse vrednejše zasebno premoženje
ne glede na politično opredelitev lastnikov. Namen povojne oblasti je
bil namreč vzpostaviti na naših tleh sovjetsko republiko in odpraviti
zasebno lastnino po sovjetskem vzorcu. Ko pa se je lastnina v 60. letih
začela nabirati tudi pri novih komunističnih oblastnikih, je želja po
nacionalizacijah hitro zamrla.
3) IZVEDENO VRAČILO ODVZETE LASTNINE - POLITIČNI POGOJ ZA SPREJEM V EU
IN NATO
Aktivnosti Združenja
lastnikov razlaščenega premoženja (ZLRP), organizacije civilne družbe,
ki si že od leta 1990 prizadeva za hitro in pravično vrnitev odvzetega
premoženja, so se zaradi domače blokade že po letu 1995 začele usmerjati
v EU, ZDA in NATO.
ZLRP je seznanjalo
demokratično svetovno javnost s stanjem na področju vračanja premoženja
in kršenjem človekovih pravic ter prosilo za pomoč pri svojih prizadevanjih.
Danes je vrnitev premoženja eden od pomembnih političnih kriterijev za
sprejem Republike Slovenije v EU in NATO.
Vlada Republike Slovenije
se očitno zaveda resnosti trenutka, predvsem pa doslej izgubljenega časa.
Z glasnim izražanjem volje in sprejemanjem pospeševalnih sklepov skuša
ustvariti vtis, da se je po devetih letih resno lotila izvajanja veljavne
zakonodaje. Vendar sámo dogajanje pri vračanju premoženja še vedno ne
daje upanja, da bi se utegnile stvari hitro obrniti na bolje.
ZLRP ugotavlja kljub
najnovejšim aktivnostim Vlade Republike Slovenije še vrsto pomanjkljivosti
pri realizaciji vračanja po ZDEN in ZIKS. Vlada Republike Slovenije bi
morala predvsem predlagati takšne zakonske rešitve, ki ne bi več omejevale
lastninskih pravic in bi zagotavljale pravično odškodnino. Te so med drugim:
- garancija države
za obveznice Slovenske odškodninske družbe (SOD);
- sprememba sedanjega
stanovanjskega zakona, po katerem se izvirnim lastnikom samo navidezno
vračajo denacionalizirana stanovanja skupaj s trajnimi najemniki in predpisano
simbolično najemnino;
- odprava tistih
določil Novele ZDEN in Novele ZIKS iz leta 1998, ki so bila sprejeta z
glavnim namenom, da oškodujejo izvirne lastnike;
- popolno spoštovanje
Ustave Republike Slovenije, predvsem členov 14, 33 in 67, ki so pri dosedanjem
izvajanju vračanja nenehno kršeni;
- sprejem še druge
potrebne zakonodaje s področja zasebne lastnine (npr. lovski zakon).
ZLRP izraža začudenje
nad nekaterimi najnovejšimi potezami Vlade Republike Slovenije, ki nikakor
niso v skladu z njenimi zadnjimi sklepi in izraženo voljo za izvedbo vračanja
odvzetega premoženja:
- praktično ukinja
vladni Urad za denacionalizacijo, ustanovljen pred letom in pol;
- z mesta državnega
sekretarja za denacionalizacijo je razrešila dipl.ing. Martina Jakliča,
eksperta za področje vračanja lastnine;
- z ničimer ne zavezuje
upravnih delavcev k zakonitemu reševanju denacionalizacijskih vlog, s
čimer ostaja v veljavi dosedanja praksa, da je najbolj zaželena negativna
rešitev. Ali pa je morda to najenostavnejši način, kako do sredine leta
2002 "počistiti" zadeve na 1. upravni stopnji?
- ne stori ničesar,
da bi postopki po ZIKS pred sodišči stekli, in dovoli ali celo podpira
manipulativna zaviranja Državnega pravobranilstva.
4) STALIŠČA ZLRP GLEDE IZVAJANJA VRAČANJA PREMOŽENJA IN VKLJUČEVANJA
SLOVENIJE V EU IN NATO
ZLRP po vsem navedenem
zahteva od Republike Slovenije predvsem naslednje:
- Država Slovenija
naj deklarativno obsodi in obžaluje razlaščanje prebivalstva po II. svetovni
vojni in se opraviči vsem prizadetim za storjeno gorje.
- Vrnitev premoženja naj se opravi pred vstopom Republike Slovenije v
EU in NATO.
- Vrnjeno premoženje
naj se glede lastninskih pravic izenači z vsem drugim zasebnim premoženjem
po določilih Ustave Republike Slovenije in mednarodnih pravnih normah.
ZLRP bo podprlo Vlado
Republike Slovenije pri vsakem njenem ukrepu za hitro in pravično vrnitev
premoženja. Še naprej si bo prizadevalo za vzpostavitev pravne države
in spoštovanje človekovih pravic še pred sprejemom Republike Slovenije
v EU in NATO in s tem za uveljavitev demokratične evropske ureditve tudi
v Republiki Sloveniji. Prav tako bo svetovno javnost redno seznanjalo
z dejanskim stanjem pri odpravljanju še vedno žive dediščine komunizma
v Republiki Sloveniji.
Ljubljana, marec 2001
dopolnjeno maja 2001
Podpredsednika ZLRP: V.d. predsednika ZLRP:
Zdenka Goriup, dipl.ing.arh.
Inka Stritar, prof.
Peter Logar, novinar
THE
TENTH YEAR OF IMPLEMENTATION OF THE DENATIONALIZATION (RESTITUTION) ACT
IN THE REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA
(TEXT SUPPLEMENTED WITH THE INCLUSION OF RESTITUTION FOLLOWING COURT CONFISCATION)
1) BACKGROUND
Nationalization of
private property in the aftermath of World War II in the Republic of Slovenia
had a clear purpose: the destruction of the middle class and private initiative
and the expropriation of all large owners and the Roman Catholic Church
as an introduction to total abolition of private property.
To attain these goals,
all means in the repertory of the totalitarian communist regime were allowed
by the political state administration and the judiciary. At that time
human rights as we understand today were flagrantly violated. The regime
used the most brutal Bolshevik methods.
2) ACT ON DENATIONALIZATION
(ZDEN) AND THE ACT ON THE
IMPLEMENTATION OF PENAL SANCTIONS AND THEIR APPLICATION
The formal end of
totalitarian communism in 1991 made possible adoption of the Denationalization
(Restitution) Act (ADEN) intended to make at least partial amends to the
post-war plundering of private property.
Even before the proclamation
of Slovene independence, there existed in Slovenia an Act on the Implementation
of Penal Sanctions. Its Art. 145 showed the conditions and procedures
in the restitution of property to the original owners if they were wrongly
sentenced and the sentence included confiscation of property. The appropriate
legal provisions were taken over by the Republic of Slovenia.
The question of restitution
of property confiscated on the basis of the AVNOJ Decisions from persons
of German-Austrian origin but of Yugoslav citizenship will not be considered
here.
Decisions on denationalization
claims have been issued in barely one-half of submitted claims. This includes
the decisions in which restitution was denied.
There exist no precise
data on the restitution according to ZIKS but these procedings meet with
more obstacles and are therefore slower.
Since the end of
1992, with the advent of the regime of Janez Drnovšek the implementation
of the Restitution acts was slowed down and came to a standstill. Characteristic
of the attitude towards the communist past is the fact that the Slovenian
political nomenclatura has still not publicly repudiated the expropriations
of the post-war period, nor has it apologised to the victims and their
families for the systematic destruction of their property, their good
name, nationality, subsistence, home, freedom and even their lives..
The Republic of Slovenia
is attempting to attribute its past wrongdoings to the former communist
regime. However, communists and their ideological successors have remained
in power and continue their former practices under the guise of a constitutional
democracy.. Because of this the political will for fair and equitable
restitution of seized property is lacking.
The implementation
of restitution is bogged down in unreasonably long and complicated processes,
adverse changes to to legislation, administrative obstructionism and presenting
the original owners in a negative light to the public incitement of the
public with the intent to minimize the property that must be returned.
These attitudes are
widespread in public administration, the Ministry of Justice, among the
legislators, the leading media and, of course, those favored supporters
of the communist regimewho had been awarded and at present hold and enjoy
the use of the confiscated property.
When the Republic
of Slovenia intensified its negotiations for accession to the European
Union and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the question of restitution
of property was brought up by member states whose nationals were expropriated
for the sole reason that they were nationals of Germany and Italy, Slovenian
representatives attempted to justify their conduct by making false statements
to the effect that property was confiscated only to those who had collaborated
with the Germans. The truth, however, is that all valuable private property
was nationalised irrespective of the owner's political persuasion. The
intent of the post-war regime was to set up a Soviet republic and do away
with private property as had been done in the Soviet Union.
3) IMPLEMENTATION
OF DENATIONALISATION AND RESTITUTION OF
PROPERTY SHOULD BE A POLITICAL CONDITION FOR ACCEPTING SLOVENIA
TO THE EUROPEAN UNION AND NATO
Activities of the
Slovenian Association of Former Owners of Expropriated Property (SAFOEP),
an organisation of civil society, that has since 1990 advocated a speedy,
fair and equitable return of expropriated property, has initiated a campaign
to inform the EU and NATO of the property restitution problems in Slovenia.
Noting that denial
of property rights is a violation of Article 17 of the Universal Declaration
of Human Rights, our association the (SAFOEP) appealed to the public opinion
of the democratic world. Today the restitution of property is one of the
important criteria for the acceptance of the Republic of Slovenia into
the EU and NATO.
The government of
the Republic of Slovenia realizes the seriousness of the situation and
is concerned over the reluctance shown by EU and NATO to accept it as
a member. Therefore Slovenia published several resolutions designed to
create the impression that, after nine years of delays and chicanery,
it is intends to make a serious effort to implement the restitution law.
Notwithstanding these declarations, however, Slovenia's stated intentions
are not reflected in the operation of the restitution processes.
Slovenia should take
the following actions:
ˇ Guarantee the indemnity
bonds of the Slovenian Indemnification Society (SIS);
ˇ Change the present housing law under which rental property that is returned
to its owner is encumbered by an obligation to continue renting the property
to existing tenants at rents that are far below the market value;
ˇ Repeal those alterations of the Restitution laws (ZDEN and ZIKS adapted
in 1998) whose sole purpose is to reduce the rights of original owners;
ˇ Comply with Articles 14, 33, and 67 of the constitution of the Republic
of Slovenia, which have been consistently violated in the course of the
restitution proceedings;
ˇ Adopt necessary legislation on hunting on private property.
It is a matter of
grave concern to our Association (SAFOEP) that certain measures of the
government are in contravention with its recent resolutions on the impementation
of restitution. These are:
ˇ Termination of
the Office for Denationalisation, established a year and a half ago;
ˇ the dismissal of Martin Jaklič, Professional Engineer, an expert in
the area of returning property, from the position of state secretary for
denationalisation;
ˇ Failure to kep employees in public administration accountable for the
resolution of restitution claims, particularly in the area of denied applications;
ˇ Failure to speed up the proceedings in courts connected with the implementation
of ZIKS. On the contrary, the government allows or even encourages the
State lawers to obstruct the course of restitutional proceedings.
4) THE POSITION OF
SAFOEP WITH RESPECT TO IMPLEMENTING RESTITUTION
AND ACCESSION OF SLOVENIA TO THE EU AND NATO
After all the above,
SAFOEP demands that the Republic of Slovenia:
ˇ Declare that it
repudiates and deplore the expropriation of its citizens that took place
in the aftermath of World War II;
ˇ Apologise to all affected for the harm and damages they sustained;
ˇ Return the confiscated property before joining the EU and NATO.
ˇ Accord to property rights recovered by restitution the same status as
to other property rights in accordance with the provisions of the constitution
of the Republic of Slovenia and international legal norms.
Our Association (SAFOEP)
will support the Republic of Slovenia in all measures it should take for
a speedy, fair and equitable restitution of confiscated property. It shall
continue to inform the world opinion of the state of affairs in Slovenia
endeavopring to establish a state in which the rule of law is supreme
and human rights are universally respected. Only in this way can accession
of the Republic of Slovenia to the EU and NATO ensure that the values
of European democracies are respected in Slovenia.
Ljubljana, March 2001
Supplemented, May 2001
Zdenka Goriup, dipl.
eng. arh. Inka Stritar, prof.
Vice president SAFOEP Acting president SAFOEP
Peter Logar, journalist
Vice president SAFOEP
Peter Logar, novinar
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